International economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

International economics - Essay Example UK economy has experienced greater growth in the current century as compared to the last few decades of the twentieth century. However, the international trade scenario of UK does not seem promising with a consistent trade deficit although there has been growth in both export and import values. This is because the real value of imports remains far below than the real value of exports. The growth of service exports in developing countries has also affected UK economy as the nation has lost market for service exports in those countries especially China. In the backdrop of globalization no country can survive within the boundary of economics at national level. A country’s economy including industry, service sectors, employment and standard of living is dependant on the association with its trading partners. This association is established with import and export of goods, services, labour, technologies and investments. It is not possible to create national economic policies without considering their effect on the economies of other countries. With a number of factors like the formation of the European Union in the 1950s, the growth of multinational companies in the 1960s, the growing market strength of the oil producing countries, and introduction of euro in the beginning of twenty first century have all paved the way for interdependence of countries worldwide and evolution of a global economy (Carbaugh, 2010, p.1). In the world of business in the current century, business is the key factor in the relationships between differe nt countries. Today any business enterprise even the small and emerging ones consider every nook of the world as market for its products and services, and no business confines its activities within the national boundaries. In many companies, the annual sales level exceeds the gross national product (GNP) of some

Discuss using named examples, the use of and applicability of Essay

Discuss using named examples, the use of and applicability of bio-indicator organisms in the environmental assessment of fres - Essay Example According to Durranti, a bio- indicator is defined as a plant or animal species whose presence or absence gives information on the state of a given environment (Chu, Chanb and Chow 2005). The Use and Applicability of Various Bio-Indicator Organisms in the Environmental Assessment of Freshwater and Marine Systems There exist several bio-indicators that have been applied to measure the health status of freshwater and marine environments. To begin with, Chin argues that by identifying the kind of animal species present in a given water body, biologists are able to analyze the quality of water in that water body (Chin 2006). For instance, the presence of many carnivore fish species might suggest a higher quality of water compared to a water body dominated primarily by omnivores. A healthy water body supports life for many micro-organisms that are predated upon by the carnivore fish. For many years, fish have been used to indicate the quality of water bodies. This has been accomplished th rough determining the kind of fish that live in a given water body, measuring alterations in fish species composition and species proportion (Jackson 2001). Changes in fish length and tropic level can as well be used in determining the health of aquatic environment. ... From the experiment, it was established that samples from the lake had a high number of comets and mainly in second and third classes. Thus the results suggested that Lake Igapo is an aquatic environment that was characterized by a high level of genotoxicity and other pollutants. In Izmir Bay of Mediterranean (in Western Turkey), fish are used to determine the level of water pollution in the sea (Gonenc 1999). Izmir is an industrial and commercial centre. The presence of metals such as lead and zinc in freshwater and marine environments can be indirectly measured using inorganic acids, such as sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid (Turner and Tessier1995). These acids are applied on intestinal specimens of different fish species. If the above metals are present, the acids react with the specimens to form oxides. Bonnan notes that some aquatic pollutants might remain active for many years and through several generations. Examples include mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds (Farris, J. et al 1993). Genotoxicity biomarkers can be applied in sentry organisms to enhance the identification and assessment of mutagenic hazards and their sources. One of the most suitable methods of identifying the response of organisms to such contaminants is by use of micronucleus (MN) test. This can be used as an index of the total genetic damage of cells during the lifespan of an organism. Fish and bivalves have been the main target for such experiments. Gill and haemocyte cells are the commonly used tissues. Due to rising carbon dioxide concentration s in the 21 century, the acidity of sea water has increased as well. Consequently, global temperatures have been driven up, including